At the beginning of Acts of the Apostles, which tradition links (as Acts does itself) to the Gospel of Luke, Jesus is still part of the narrative. Acts says he was with the apostles for 40 days. Perhaps inevitably, John the Baptist is referenced. The ascension occurs, as it did in Luke as well.
The apostles are listed (Peter, John, James, Andrew, Philip, Thomas, Bartholomew, Matthew, James the Lesser, Simon, and Judas), and Mary, Jesus's mother, as well as 120 additional (or perhaps including) followers, among those left behind. They are described in their new charge as witnesses to the resurrection. Since the betrayal of Judas Iscariot, the apostles elect a new twelfth member, Matthias, who otherwise is never mentioned again. The descent of the Holy Spirit (I didn't mention this third member of the Holy Trinity previously, who otherwise is referenced in the gospels, rest assured) occurs, giving the apostles the ability to speak foreign languages without actually having learned them.
Moses, Joel, and David are invoked in the early preaching, where people are called to repent. Peter and John are most routinely singled out in the early part of Acts. They cure a cripple. The religious authorities arrest them, are baffled by the fact that they're representing a man who was executed, and try to stop all this continuing talk of Jesus.
The faithful kind of turn into a hippy commune, sharing the wealth as it were in order to get by. There's a curious episode where a couple who sells their possessions and is supposed to, like everyone else, give the proceeds to the group instead holds a portion of it back. When this is discovered, they separately drop dead.
Peter and John are arrested again, and this occasions the first time in Acts where someone is freed by an angel. They immediately return to preaching. They're brought right back. At this point, Acts references incidents that are supposed to be similar, including men named Theudas and Judas the Galilean, whose similar attempts at mass revolutions failed. Peter and John are released on the chance that their human plans will similarly fail, although if they succeed it possibly really is the will of God. (Although this is the only time any of them get off that easy.)
Stephen is selected among a small group of evangelists for a special mission. When he reaches his fateful event, he retells biblical history from Abraham to Solomon. Most interestingly, he interprets Moses as a blatantly Christian figure, very much in the mold of Jesus, a prophet rejected in his own time. Nothing he says stretches the truth, actually. Really a brilliant little sermon. In this corollary, John the Baptist becomes the Aaron figure. When he reaches Solomon, Stephen rightly points out that although at this point the temple entered Jewish tradition, God never really wanted a single dwelling place to begin with. The religious authorities are angry that he pointed out how they always rejected the prophets who spoke of the messiah in the past, even though they came to believe in them, but still ended up rejecting the messiah anyway. He then becomes the first martyr. Paul, initially referred to as Saul, is witness to and complicit in the deed.
A Philip who could be the apostle or the one from the group Stephen was a part of preaches among the Samaritans. This ambiguity is heightened when a Philip is referenced later and specifically linked to the Stephen group. Either way, the Philip at this point challenges a local charlatan, and is later backed up by the team of Peter and John, who end up staying for a while to preach. Philip then converts an Ethiopian by helping him understand and interpret Isaiah.
Paul is converted through his famous mystical experience on the road to Damascus. Here he is blinded in a bright light and speaks with Jesus himself. He later recounts the incident twice. He almost immediately becomes a target of the Jews.
Peter cures a paralyzed man. He resurrects a disciple named Tabitha. A centurion named Cornelius receives a visit from an angel. Peter receives a vision that leads him to Cornelius. It's said to be the incident that convinces Peter to accept ministry to the Gentiles.
Barnabas starts working with Paul. They preach for a whole year in Antioch. The disciples become officially known as Christians.
Herod begins a persecution, executing John's brother James. He also arrests Peter, who escapes thanks to an angel.
Another piece of supposition here in a new disciple referred to as Mark possibly being the author of the Gospel of Mark. He plays no huge role, however, and actually later becomes a sticking point between Barnabas and Paul. For the moment, however, all three travel together, and it's this point where Paul is officially referred to only as such. John travels with them for a time. Paul explains biblical history from Moses to David in an effort to introduce Jesus. He also references John the Baptist. There's no reason to reference John the Baptist in Acts unless his reputation really still was inordinate. Perhaps for that reason, Acts also has him explain that he is not himself the messiah. Paul then explains how and why Jesus died and how he came back. Perhaps because they're not always hugely successful, Paul and Barnabas move around a lot from place to place.
Paul cures a cripple. This sparks another curious development. Based on this miracle, the locals get a little carried away. They declare Barnabas to be Zeus and Paul to be Hermes and attempt to worship them. Neither is amused, of course, by this development. (Although it certainly sheds light on how people viewed Zeus and Hermes at the time. From a modern perspective, it would certainly seem that if either of these two were to perform an act of divine intervention, it would be Zeus. Acts explains it to be Hermes because Paul is the spokesperson, which would mean that Zeus at this point is expected to be the figure in the background, all-powerful but uninvolved, whereas trusty messenger Hermes is free to do as he likes, which certainly squares with classical mythology, but still. At least he isn't making any demigod babies.)
Paul ends up getting stoned (in the traditional sense) and presumed dead, but afterward seems fine. Paul and Barnabas start dealing with contradictory messages from other evangelists. At an assembly to help streamline matters, Peter agrees with what they're saying, while James has caveats. It's not clear if this James is James the Lesser, one of the apostles. Reza Aslan in Zealot posits that it's Jesus's brother. Which admittedly would not be a hugely favorable interpretation to mainstream Christianity, certainly among Catholics, given that Mary was said to be a virgin and thus Jesus an only child. To Aslan's interpretation, this brother of Jesus would have become a member of the early Church after the crucifixion, become at that point highly motivated to carry on his brother's legacy.
A letter from Paul and Barnabas is quoted. Since we know Paul sent plenty of letters, because the remaining New Testament is made up almost exclusively of them, which are in fact the earliest extant material from it, this is definitely appropriate material for Acts.
It's at this point that Paul and Barnabas have a difference of opinion concerning Mark. Barnabas sides with Mark. So they pair off. Paul carries on with Silas, and subsequently meets Timothy, to whom two of the later letters in the New Testament are written.
Interestingly, Philippi (as in the later Letter to the Philippians) is located in Macedonia. This is notable to me in relation to Alexander the Great, whom you'll remember was referenced in First Book of Maccabees. Here Paul performs an exorcism. But it's another acts that spectacularly backfires on him. He and Silas are beaten as a result. They're imprisoned but miraculously freed. Because they're both Roman citizens, Paul and Silas actually receive an apology. Then they visit the Thessalonians (also recipients of a later New Testament letter). When they visit Athens, they're interviewed by philosophers from the Epicurean and Stoic traditions. Epicureans in particular would have had a problem with Christian theology centered on the miraculous event of the resurrection. Stoics would have had an easier time of it. Acts in fact says some of them are convinced, and that would probably have been the Stoics. Paul cleverly uses a local altar dedicated to "an unknown god" in his ministry here. He then visits the Corinthians (later recipients of a New Testament letter as well).
Roman emperor Claudius is referenced a few times in Acts. At this point it's because he's expelled the Jews from Rome.
Silas and Timothy meet back up with Paul. They'd stayed behind in Macedonia. Paul officially rejects the Jews in favor of the Gentiles. He stays in Corinth for a little over a year. He visits the Ephesians next (subjects of another New Testament letter), then Galatians (also subjects of a New Testament letter). A man in Ephesus speaks about Jesus, but apparently knows more about John the Baptist (which seems about right). This occasions for Paul to go back and correct him. He teaches in the hall of Tyrannus for two years. (In Star Wars lore, Count Dooku was secretly Darth Tyranus, if that interests you.)
A demon rejects some Jewish exorcists who attempt to mockingly invoke Jesus.
The Greek goddess Artemis is referenced, and her worshippers work themselves into a tizzy.
By this point, Luke has entered the scene, although he never references himself directly but rather in "we" statements.
Even though he knows it's dangerous, Paul becomes intent on going to Jerusalem. Once there, he meets with James (presumably the same ambiguous one as before) and the elders. He's seized by angry Jews who try and kill him. He entreats a nameless Egyptian who had led a revolt of thousands to help him. (As the final reference to Egypt in the Bible, it is appropriately epic.) He explains his origins to the angry crowd, which doesn't help him at all. It's only the fact of his Roman citizenship that saves Paul from a scourging. He speaks before the religious authorities (the usual Sadducees and Pharisees of the gospels, the latter of whom he was previously a member; these two groups are Jews who believe different things, much like, say, Christians and Protestants, or Sunnis and Shiites), who end up divided over him. A plot arises to assassinate him, which only the fact of his Roman citizenship once again saves him from.
Paul, by the way, calls Christianity the Way.
His standing trial reads very comparably to Jesus's similar experience, except of course for the ending.
The governor Felix is sympathetic to a point, which leads to Paul remaining in prison rather than some other fate. Felix is succeeded by Festus, at which point Paul is brought before Agrippa, to whom he again explains his faith journey. Festus calls Paul crazy, and Agrippa jokes that Paul is trying to convert him to Christianity. He'd set Paul free if he could, but Paul has requested an audience with the Roman emperor. So Paul is set on a circuitous journey to Rome, at which point Acts begins to read like an adventure story straight out of Melville. The book ends with Paul having stayed in Rome two years preaching.
Showing posts with label James. Show all posts
Showing posts with label James. Show all posts
Saturday, February 8, 2014
Friday, February 7, 2014
Gospel of Luke 1-24
This gospel starts out that a lot of people have written biographies of Jesus already. Perhaps he's counting the Q Gospel among them? Or perhaps a whole Q Gospel tradition? Or perhaps only Q Gospel, Gospel of Matthew, and Gospel of Mark? Or perhaps just Matthew and Mark. Who knows?
The narrative really kicks off with the mystical conception of John the Baptist, and then the similar mystical conception of Jesus. It continues with more John the Baptist origin, and then the longest nativity narrative for Jesus in the four gospels. As far as the mystical nature of events, Luke certainly prefers that version. There's also the biggest emphasis on Mary of the four gospels, at least in the early going. There are also strong Old Testament parallels throughout. Luke also features the episode concerning the young Jesus in the temple.
Pilate also has added emphasis as far as being mentioned a few extra times goes.
The narrative swings back to John the Baptist. At this end of this sequence, Herod has him imprisoned. And, funny or not, but the baptism of Jesus is mentioned as an afterthought. He's said to be 30 at the start of his ministry, which is where Christians generally get the idea that it lasted about three years and so he died at 33.
Luke then reached his version of the genealogy, which goes all the way to Adam, who is said to be the son of God.
Jesus then enters the 40 days of temptation, and then begins teaching in the synagogues. People ask, "Is this not Joseph's son?" Each of the four gospels words this question differently.
Although he has a positive reputation, the more Jesus speaks the more he angers people. In Luke, Jesus angers people a lot, actually..
He performs an exorcism, cures Peter's mother (which also serves as the introduction of Peter). The demons keep identifying Jesus as the "Son of God," which Jesus is none too happy about, because he's trying to keep as low a profile as possible.
He departs to a "lonely place" (no relation to John the Baptist's status given), perhaps to try and stop that spread of his reputation. Peter, James, and John are officially recruited. He cures the leper and then the paralyzed man. Religious authorities start to take notice.
Matthew, referenced as Levi, is recruited; religious authorities once again grumble about the company Jesus keeps.
The disciples of John the Baptist are referenced as very much a separate entity to those following Jesus.
The religious authorities have a conniption on the sabbath.
The twelve apostles are listed (Peter, Andrew, James, John, Philip, Bartholomew, Matthew, Thomas, James the Lesser, Simon - described as the Zealot -, Judas - alternate name for Thaddeus -, and Judas Iscariot). Jesus continues with his ministry as usual, rather than sending them out right away after their mass introduction, which was what Matthew and Mark described.
The centurion's son is cured. Unnamed man brought back to life. (Possibly Lazarus.)
John the Baptist is informed of Jesus's ministry. He wants to know if Jesus is the one he himself had been preaching about. Here it's once again clear that even well after the death of both John the Baptist and Jesus, John the Baptist remained a significant enough figure where his reputation was in a constant state of flux. Jesus then speaks of John the Baptist (further emphasizing the latent thread of his life running so heavily through this and the gospels of Matthew and Mark).
The anonymous woman anoints Jesus.
Luke seems to suggest that Peter may have actually been a Pharisee. That would be news to me. I may simply be misinterpreting that particular passage.
Mary Magdalene is described as traveling with the apostles, plus a few other women. They are described as funding the ministry, actually. Jesus once again disassociates with his mother, despite that heavy emphasis on her earlier.
He calms the stormy sea. The demon Legion appears, as he did in Mark. The people this time, however, are described as fearful of Jesus after the incident.
Jesus resurrects the little girl.
He finally sends the apostles on their separate ministries. In a little bit of an irony, John the Baptist's execution is then referenced in an afterthought.
Jesus feeds the multitudes. Unlike in Matthew or Mark, in Luke (and John) he does it only once. The apostles realize who he is. He explains what's going to happen. The transfiguration occurs. Luke has God identifying him here rather than in the more-or-less nonexistent baptism. The apostles themselves decide to remain mum about it in this account. Seventy more disciples are recruited, and these are the ones who go out two-by-two in Luke. Jesus, however, is becoming agitated, anxious.
The story of the Good Samaritan, and then the sisters Mary and Martha, and then the Lord's Prayer
I noticed another historical irony. Abraham Lincoln famously described the United States during the Civil War as a "house divided that cannot stand." In Luke a very similar statement is made about Jesus concerning the theory that he casts out demons by the power of demons, thereby making the house of Satan divided against itself. I don't know if Lincoln made the association deliberately.
Jonah is invoked.
Jesus speaks out against hypocrisy. "Woe to you for you build the tombs of the prophets whom your father killed."
Luke foreshadows Acts of the Apostles, which tradition has him as also writing.
"You must also be ready; for the Son of man is coming at an hour you do not expect." At this point in Luke, Jesus has so successfully suppressed any talk about who he is, aside from among his apostles, that here it's appropriate to believe Jesus said this rather than John the Baptist in a strange twist of narrating.
Pilate is referenced again.
Jesus performs a cure on the sabbath, angering the religious authorities.
Jesus begins speaking of the kingdom of God, which as I've suggested before may be a code to reference himself.
The story of the Good Shepherd, then the Prodigal Son. A parable including a man named Lazarus. In Gospel of John, Lazarus is not only the brother of Mary and Martha, but the man Jesus resurrects. The cure of the ten lepers, with the one who comes back. Jesus cures the blind man. Luke seems to repeat things (so does John).
Palm Sunday occurs. Then the adult temple incident. (Here's another perfect little bit of biblical symmetry, which is all the more appropriate in Luke.) Then the Last Supper. In Luke, Jesus often goes to the Mount of Olives, which he does again after the Last Supper.
He stands before the high priest, and then Pilate, and then Herod, and then Pilate again. One of the thieves is redeemed at the crucifixion. The women who witness it are anonymous, until Mary Magdalene is later identified once the resurrection occurs. Peter runs to confirm it. The anonymous disciples have a mystical experience with Jesus on the road to Emmaus. Jesus ascends into Heaven.
I want to conclude my thoughts on Luke by identifying for myself who each of the evangelists to this point were writing to. Matthew seems to be a former Jew, and perhaps attempting to address the same. Mark is perhaps a Greek, and addressing the same. Luke is said to be a disciple of Paul, and so is addressing whoever Paul has been converting. These are my running theories, at any rate.
The narrative really kicks off with the mystical conception of John the Baptist, and then the similar mystical conception of Jesus. It continues with more John the Baptist origin, and then the longest nativity narrative for Jesus in the four gospels. As far as the mystical nature of events, Luke certainly prefers that version. There's also the biggest emphasis on Mary of the four gospels, at least in the early going. There are also strong Old Testament parallels throughout. Luke also features the episode concerning the young Jesus in the temple.
Pilate also has added emphasis as far as being mentioned a few extra times goes.
The narrative swings back to John the Baptist. At this end of this sequence, Herod has him imprisoned. And, funny or not, but the baptism of Jesus is mentioned as an afterthought. He's said to be 30 at the start of his ministry, which is where Christians generally get the idea that it lasted about three years and so he died at 33.
Luke then reached his version of the genealogy, which goes all the way to Adam, who is said to be the son of God.
Jesus then enters the 40 days of temptation, and then begins teaching in the synagogues. People ask, "Is this not Joseph's son?" Each of the four gospels words this question differently.
Although he has a positive reputation, the more Jesus speaks the more he angers people. In Luke, Jesus angers people a lot, actually..
He performs an exorcism, cures Peter's mother (which also serves as the introduction of Peter). The demons keep identifying Jesus as the "Son of God," which Jesus is none too happy about, because he's trying to keep as low a profile as possible.
He departs to a "lonely place" (no relation to John the Baptist's status given), perhaps to try and stop that spread of his reputation. Peter, James, and John are officially recruited. He cures the leper and then the paralyzed man. Religious authorities start to take notice.
Matthew, referenced as Levi, is recruited; religious authorities once again grumble about the company Jesus keeps.
The disciples of John the Baptist are referenced as very much a separate entity to those following Jesus.
The religious authorities have a conniption on the sabbath.
The twelve apostles are listed (Peter, Andrew, James, John, Philip, Bartholomew, Matthew, Thomas, James the Lesser, Simon - described as the Zealot -, Judas - alternate name for Thaddeus -, and Judas Iscariot). Jesus continues with his ministry as usual, rather than sending them out right away after their mass introduction, which was what Matthew and Mark described.
The centurion's son is cured. Unnamed man brought back to life. (Possibly Lazarus.)
John the Baptist is informed of Jesus's ministry. He wants to know if Jesus is the one he himself had been preaching about. Here it's once again clear that even well after the death of both John the Baptist and Jesus, John the Baptist remained a significant enough figure where his reputation was in a constant state of flux. Jesus then speaks of John the Baptist (further emphasizing the latent thread of his life running so heavily through this and the gospels of Matthew and Mark).
The anonymous woman anoints Jesus.
Luke seems to suggest that Peter may have actually been a Pharisee. That would be news to me. I may simply be misinterpreting that particular passage.
Mary Magdalene is described as traveling with the apostles, plus a few other women. They are described as funding the ministry, actually. Jesus once again disassociates with his mother, despite that heavy emphasis on her earlier.
He calms the stormy sea. The demon Legion appears, as he did in Mark. The people this time, however, are described as fearful of Jesus after the incident.
Jesus resurrects the little girl.
He finally sends the apostles on their separate ministries. In a little bit of an irony, John the Baptist's execution is then referenced in an afterthought.
Jesus feeds the multitudes. Unlike in Matthew or Mark, in Luke (and John) he does it only once. The apostles realize who he is. He explains what's going to happen. The transfiguration occurs. Luke has God identifying him here rather than in the more-or-less nonexistent baptism. The apostles themselves decide to remain mum about it in this account. Seventy more disciples are recruited, and these are the ones who go out two-by-two in Luke. Jesus, however, is becoming agitated, anxious.
The story of the Good Samaritan, and then the sisters Mary and Martha, and then the Lord's Prayer
I noticed another historical irony. Abraham Lincoln famously described the United States during the Civil War as a "house divided that cannot stand." In Luke a very similar statement is made about Jesus concerning the theory that he casts out demons by the power of demons, thereby making the house of Satan divided against itself. I don't know if Lincoln made the association deliberately.
Jonah is invoked.
Jesus speaks out against hypocrisy. "Woe to you for you build the tombs of the prophets whom your father killed."
Luke foreshadows Acts of the Apostles, which tradition has him as also writing.
"You must also be ready; for the Son of man is coming at an hour you do not expect." At this point in Luke, Jesus has so successfully suppressed any talk about who he is, aside from among his apostles, that here it's appropriate to believe Jesus said this rather than John the Baptist in a strange twist of narrating.
Pilate is referenced again.
Jesus performs a cure on the sabbath, angering the religious authorities.
Jesus begins speaking of the kingdom of God, which as I've suggested before may be a code to reference himself.
The story of the Good Shepherd, then the Prodigal Son. A parable including a man named Lazarus. In Gospel of John, Lazarus is not only the brother of Mary and Martha, but the man Jesus resurrects. The cure of the ten lepers, with the one who comes back. Jesus cures the blind man. Luke seems to repeat things (so does John).
Palm Sunday occurs. Then the adult temple incident. (Here's another perfect little bit of biblical symmetry, which is all the more appropriate in Luke.) Then the Last Supper. In Luke, Jesus often goes to the Mount of Olives, which he does again after the Last Supper.
He stands before the high priest, and then Pilate, and then Herod, and then Pilate again. One of the thieves is redeemed at the crucifixion. The women who witness it are anonymous, until Mary Magdalene is later identified once the resurrection occurs. Peter runs to confirm it. The anonymous disciples have a mystical experience with Jesus on the road to Emmaus. Jesus ascends into Heaven.
I want to conclude my thoughts on Luke by identifying for myself who each of the evangelists to this point were writing to. Matthew seems to be a former Jew, and perhaps attempting to address the same. Mark is perhaps a Greek, and addressing the same. Luke is said to be a disciple of Paul, and so is addressing whoever Paul has been converting. These are my running theories, at any rate.
Wednesday, February 5, 2014
Gospel of Mark 1-16
The oldest of the canonical gospels comes second in the New Testament, and as has been noted by scholars seems to form part of the source for both Gospel of Matthew and Gospel of Luke owing to the incredible amount of similar material between them. If you've ever heard the talk about another source called the Q Gospel, I'll be bringing up my idea for that later on. For now, the Gospel of Mark:
It begins by invoking Isaiah to introduce John the Baptist. This is no great surprise. There's no nativity narrative for Jesus at all, no explanation for where he came from. He simply appears for the baptism scene as also featured in Matthew.
Needless to say, there's a lot of familiar material, including the sequence of events.
Following the baptism is the 40 days in the wilderness and temptation by Satan.
John the Baptist is arrested, and Jesus proclaims, "The kingdom of God is at hand," which is a subtle shift but certainly supports my belief that the phrase "kingdom of God" is very much like "Son of man" as far as Jesus is concerned.
He recruits Peter, Andrew, James, and John as he does in Matthew.
He teaches in the synagogue, performs exorcisms, cures Peter's mother, cures the leper. Among the variations is a stronger focus on Jesus attempting to hide who he is, and a general de-emphasis on his growing frustrations. In a lot of ways, Matthew can be said to be a flourish of Mark (one that also puts a heavy emphasis on the connection to Jewish beliefs, which Mark will shortly demonstrate as certainly no great concern of his).
He cures the paralyzed man. The religious authorities begin to speak ill of him. Matthew is identified as Levi. Religious authorities again question his taste in associations immediately after.
Another considerable mark of distinction between Mark and Matthew is Mark's pointed reference to John the Baptist's disciples actually siding with the religious authorities. I'll speak more about the significance of this in a little bit.
Jesus begins openly identifying himself, cures a withered hand on the sabbath, which provokes the religious authorities to actively plot against him.
More cures and exorcisms.
The twelve apostles are once again named, and are immediately sent out to perform works similar to what Jesus has been doing, Jesus's mother is referenced in the same way as she was in Matthew, and in this one hasn't even been named. In fact, unless you're willing to interpret her in a way that is not at all popular among Catholics, she's never named at all in Mark.
There are parables. He calms the stormy sea. Another feature unique to Mark is the demon who identifies itself as Legion, "for we are many." It may be a symbolic feature for all those who doubt Jesus. It may also be a case of biblical schizophrenia.
As in Matthew, Jesus is all but described as resurrecting a dead little girl. People begin to ask, who is this guy and how did he become so wise and stuff? He's called "the carpenter" (rather than "the carpenter's son, as in Matthew), and also referenced with Mary and the brother of James, Joses, Judas, and Simon. (Catholics prefer the idea of perpetual virginity in Mary, although there is the tradition that Jesus in fact had several brothers; Reza Aslan contends that the James who becomes prominent later in the New Testament, in Acts and Letter of James, is in fact Jesus's brother, although he is not one of the apostles, even though there are two James there.)
The apostles are sent out again, two by two. Jesus has become such a known commodity at this point, Herod wonders if he's the resurrected John the Baptist. Mark only mentioned what happened to John the Baptist as an aside. Unlike in Matthew, then, the immediate transition to Jesus seeking a "lonely place" has nothing to do with learning about John the Baptist's death.
Jesus walks on water. He rebukes the religious authorities, saying they prefer human tradition rather than the way of God.
He cures the daughter of the Gentile, although in Mark he's identified as Greek. He cures the deaf man. He feeds a multitude twice. He suggests there's a reason why he did it twice. The first time, there were 12 baskets of food left over, the second time 7 baskets. I'm just shooting in the dark here, but perhaps this is supposed to mean the first time he was speaking to the Jews (12 tribes of Israel) and the second time to everyone (7 as in every day of the week or, well, everyone).
His apostles realize who he is. He discusses his impending fate. The reference to the kingdom of God coming appears again, as in Matthew. Then the transfiguration. Then the oath to hide that this happened until after the resurrection. He does grow publicly frustrated, but the emphasis is not nearly as strong as in Matthew. Although funny enough for these schismatic Christian times of ours, he insists that, "He that is not against us is for us," meaning that if anyone is promoting Jesus they ought to be accepted, no matter if they're part of "our" circle or not (a problem even Acts reflects at the very beginning).
He rejects Moses doctrine, going so far as to say it wasn't even God who gave that particular command, but rather Moses himself.
He cures the blind man.
Palm Sunday occurs (with its unfortunate echo later after the scourging as well). He curses the fig tree. Unlike Matthew, there's a follow-up to this moment. Then the temple incident.
Christians love the "cornerstone" reference Jesus borrows from the Old Testament, but the greater point he makes is actually far more significant. The parable itself is known well enough, which reflects a series of individuals sent out to deliver a message and each of them is murdered, including the son of the man sending all these people. The point of the parable is that God has sent all these messengers, too, including Jesus, who is murdered by his own chosen people, the Jews. This is the point of departure from Jesus attempting to fulfill Jewish prophecy to starting his own divergent religion, Christianity, because what he's saying here is that the Jews are no longer the chosen people, but rather, basically, everyone else.
(Jews, naturally, would prefer not to believe that.)
This, by the way, is described by Mark as the first time the religious authorities attempt to arrest Jesus. And no wonder! They try to make it a Roman issue, then a theological issue. The people, meanwhile, only love Jesus more.
It's at this point that I'll finally talk about my Q Gospel theory. Basically, as Gospel of Matthew made perfectly obvious and Mark here as well (remember, this one was written earlier), the early Christians likely had as much faith in the legacy of John the Baptist as Jesus. I submit that Q Gospel was a joint biography. In early Christianity, it would have been rash for Jesus to speak out against Rome, and that seems like something that was edited or obscured out of the narrative. So too the intermingling of John the Baptist and Jesus's ministries. Christians in the first century would have known all about the Q Gospel. It's why the three gospels that follow distance themselves from it while still obviously using it as a source. They realized that John the Baptist at some point had to be downplayed but not completely forgotten. It's not surprising that the fourth attempt, the Gospel of John, is so different, and the only one claimed to have come from one of Jesus's actual followers, and is filled with unique biographical material. Or that later, noncanonical gospels are so wildly divergent from the four canonical ones. As the effort to present a portrait of Jesus himself became more important, he was more and more distanced from John the Baptist. It would be very interesting to read the Q Gospel. I would be willing to bet that a lot of the Jesus narrative is in fact derived from John the Baptist's (in Luke, for instance, the unmistakable piggybacking concerning how they are born). This is not to say we must toss everything out that we believe about one or the other, or that questions of this kind invalidates faith in any way. But that there are things we will never know for certain about John the Baptist and about Jesus. When the four gospels were written, it was dangerous to be completely truthful. The Romans persecuted the Christians enough as it was. And that's just one way the record was distorted.
Now that I've discussed the the theoretical Q Gospel, back to Gospel of Mark.
The same anonymous woman anoints Jesus, as in Matthew. Judas decides to betray Jesus. The Last Supper occurs, as detailed in Matthew. Jesus suffers in Gethsemane. He appears before the high priest, then Pilate, although while he struggles as before Pilate this time in no way absolves himself of his ultimate decision.
Mary Magdalene, as in Matthew, is present at the crucifixion, along with, this time, a Mary who is described as the mother of James the Younger, Joses, and Salome. If you want to entertain thoughts popularized by The Da Vinci Code, you certainly also have in Mary Magdalene, emphasized in Mark as the first person, alone this time, to see Jesus resurrected, the possible wife of Jesus, quite an honor for an apparently random witness of the two climactic events. Further suggestions for the other Mary now have two gospels with another Mary present at the crucifixion where tradition (and Gospel of John) has Mary the mother of Jesus present. Not to step on too many toes...
For the record, the only mark of distinction Mark gives Mary Magdalene otherwise is that Jesus "had cast out seven demons" from her.
The eleven remaining apostles are described as not believing in the resurrection until they see Jesus for themselves. By the end of Mark, Jesus ascends into heaven.
It begins by invoking Isaiah to introduce John the Baptist. This is no great surprise. There's no nativity narrative for Jesus at all, no explanation for where he came from. He simply appears for the baptism scene as also featured in Matthew.
Needless to say, there's a lot of familiar material, including the sequence of events.
Following the baptism is the 40 days in the wilderness and temptation by Satan.
John the Baptist is arrested, and Jesus proclaims, "The kingdom of God is at hand," which is a subtle shift but certainly supports my belief that the phrase "kingdom of God" is very much like "Son of man" as far as Jesus is concerned.
He recruits Peter, Andrew, James, and John as he does in Matthew.
He teaches in the synagogue, performs exorcisms, cures Peter's mother, cures the leper. Among the variations is a stronger focus on Jesus attempting to hide who he is, and a general de-emphasis on his growing frustrations. In a lot of ways, Matthew can be said to be a flourish of Mark (one that also puts a heavy emphasis on the connection to Jewish beliefs, which Mark will shortly demonstrate as certainly no great concern of his).
He cures the paralyzed man. The religious authorities begin to speak ill of him. Matthew is identified as Levi. Religious authorities again question his taste in associations immediately after.
Another considerable mark of distinction between Mark and Matthew is Mark's pointed reference to John the Baptist's disciples actually siding with the religious authorities. I'll speak more about the significance of this in a little bit.
Jesus begins openly identifying himself, cures a withered hand on the sabbath, which provokes the religious authorities to actively plot against him.
More cures and exorcisms.
The twelve apostles are once again named, and are immediately sent out to perform works similar to what Jesus has been doing, Jesus's mother is referenced in the same way as she was in Matthew, and in this one hasn't even been named. In fact, unless you're willing to interpret her in a way that is not at all popular among Catholics, she's never named at all in Mark.
There are parables. He calms the stormy sea. Another feature unique to Mark is the demon who identifies itself as Legion, "for we are many." It may be a symbolic feature for all those who doubt Jesus. It may also be a case of biblical schizophrenia.
As in Matthew, Jesus is all but described as resurrecting a dead little girl. People begin to ask, who is this guy and how did he become so wise and stuff? He's called "the carpenter" (rather than "the carpenter's son, as in Matthew), and also referenced with Mary and the brother of James, Joses, Judas, and Simon. (Catholics prefer the idea of perpetual virginity in Mary, although there is the tradition that Jesus in fact had several brothers; Reza Aslan contends that the James who becomes prominent later in the New Testament, in Acts and Letter of James, is in fact Jesus's brother, although he is not one of the apostles, even though there are two James there.)
The apostles are sent out again, two by two. Jesus has become such a known commodity at this point, Herod wonders if he's the resurrected John the Baptist. Mark only mentioned what happened to John the Baptist as an aside. Unlike in Matthew, then, the immediate transition to Jesus seeking a "lonely place" has nothing to do with learning about John the Baptist's death.
Jesus walks on water. He rebukes the religious authorities, saying they prefer human tradition rather than the way of God.
He cures the daughter of the Gentile, although in Mark he's identified as Greek. He cures the deaf man. He feeds a multitude twice. He suggests there's a reason why he did it twice. The first time, there were 12 baskets of food left over, the second time 7 baskets. I'm just shooting in the dark here, but perhaps this is supposed to mean the first time he was speaking to the Jews (12 tribes of Israel) and the second time to everyone (7 as in every day of the week or, well, everyone).
His apostles realize who he is. He discusses his impending fate. The reference to the kingdom of God coming appears again, as in Matthew. Then the transfiguration. Then the oath to hide that this happened until after the resurrection. He does grow publicly frustrated, but the emphasis is not nearly as strong as in Matthew. Although funny enough for these schismatic Christian times of ours, he insists that, "He that is not against us is for us," meaning that if anyone is promoting Jesus they ought to be accepted, no matter if they're part of "our" circle or not (a problem even Acts reflects at the very beginning).
He rejects Moses doctrine, going so far as to say it wasn't even God who gave that particular command, but rather Moses himself.
He cures the blind man.
Palm Sunday occurs (with its unfortunate echo later after the scourging as well). He curses the fig tree. Unlike Matthew, there's a follow-up to this moment. Then the temple incident.
Christians love the "cornerstone" reference Jesus borrows from the Old Testament, but the greater point he makes is actually far more significant. The parable itself is known well enough, which reflects a series of individuals sent out to deliver a message and each of them is murdered, including the son of the man sending all these people. The point of the parable is that God has sent all these messengers, too, including Jesus, who is murdered by his own chosen people, the Jews. This is the point of departure from Jesus attempting to fulfill Jewish prophecy to starting his own divergent religion, Christianity, because what he's saying here is that the Jews are no longer the chosen people, but rather, basically, everyone else.
(Jews, naturally, would prefer not to believe that.)
This, by the way, is described by Mark as the first time the religious authorities attempt to arrest Jesus. And no wonder! They try to make it a Roman issue, then a theological issue. The people, meanwhile, only love Jesus more.
It's at this point that I'll finally talk about my Q Gospel theory. Basically, as Gospel of Matthew made perfectly obvious and Mark here as well (remember, this one was written earlier), the early Christians likely had as much faith in the legacy of John the Baptist as Jesus. I submit that Q Gospel was a joint biography. In early Christianity, it would have been rash for Jesus to speak out against Rome, and that seems like something that was edited or obscured out of the narrative. So too the intermingling of John the Baptist and Jesus's ministries. Christians in the first century would have known all about the Q Gospel. It's why the three gospels that follow distance themselves from it while still obviously using it as a source. They realized that John the Baptist at some point had to be downplayed but not completely forgotten. It's not surprising that the fourth attempt, the Gospel of John, is so different, and the only one claimed to have come from one of Jesus's actual followers, and is filled with unique biographical material. Or that later, noncanonical gospels are so wildly divergent from the four canonical ones. As the effort to present a portrait of Jesus himself became more important, he was more and more distanced from John the Baptist. It would be very interesting to read the Q Gospel. I would be willing to bet that a lot of the Jesus narrative is in fact derived from John the Baptist's (in Luke, for instance, the unmistakable piggybacking concerning how they are born). This is not to say we must toss everything out that we believe about one or the other, or that questions of this kind invalidates faith in any way. But that there are things we will never know for certain about John the Baptist and about Jesus. When the four gospels were written, it was dangerous to be completely truthful. The Romans persecuted the Christians enough as it was. And that's just one way the record was distorted.
Now that I've discussed the the theoretical Q Gospel, back to Gospel of Mark.
The same anonymous woman anoints Jesus, as in Matthew. Judas decides to betray Jesus. The Last Supper occurs, as detailed in Matthew. Jesus suffers in Gethsemane. He appears before the high priest, then Pilate, although while he struggles as before Pilate this time in no way absolves himself of his ultimate decision.
Mary Magdalene, as in Matthew, is present at the crucifixion, along with, this time, a Mary who is described as the mother of James the Younger, Joses, and Salome. If you want to entertain thoughts popularized by The Da Vinci Code, you certainly also have in Mary Magdalene, emphasized in Mark as the first person, alone this time, to see Jesus resurrected, the possible wife of Jesus, quite an honor for an apparently random witness of the two climactic events. Further suggestions for the other Mary now have two gospels with another Mary present at the crucifixion where tradition (and Gospel of John) has Mary the mother of Jesus present. Not to step on too many toes...
For the record, the only mark of distinction Mark gives Mary Magdalene otherwise is that Jesus "had cast out seven demons" from her.
The eleven remaining apostles are described as not believing in the resurrection until they see Jesus for themselves. By the end of Mark, Jesus ascends into heaven.
Tuesday, February 4, 2014
Gospel of Matthew 1-28
This is the perfect lead-in to the New Testament, considering its obsession with the Old Testament, and that's the best way to introduce the Gospel of Matthew.
It begins with the first of two genealogies in the gospels, which is something that both reflects a classic element of the Old Testament as well as prove that Jesus was descended from the house of David, which was one of the many prophesies this gospel seems intent to point out as fulfilled.
It has a nativity sequence, featuring Joseph's doubts, the wise men, the wicked Herod, the flight to Egypt (of course!).
Then a shift to John the Baptist. We'll talk more about him a little later, but given the emphasis Reza Aslan put on him in Zealot, I can't help but see the Baptist in a different light. He's always been prominent in Christian lore, but as Aslan depicts him, he was actually a pretty big deal in his day, to the point where he threatened to eclipse Jesus even after his ministry and crucifixion. It's no wonder, then, that he keeps randomly appearing in this gospel.
He's the first one, by the way, in Matthew, to preach against corrupt religious leaders, a refrain Jesus enthusiastically picks up.
And then Jesus is baptized by him, of course.
Jesus then departs for the wilderness, where he stays for 40 days and is tempted by Satan. As with many elements of the Bible, this reads like an echo of how his ministry will end, so there's suffering at both ends.
His basic message is, "Repent, for the kingdom of heaven is at hand." Although "his," I would argue, and I'll get back to this, isn't Jesus, but John the Baptist.
Jesus recruits Peter, Andrew, James, and John, the core and most famous apostles. He begins his ministry in earnest, curing people and teaching in synagogues. He delivers the Sermon on the Mount, which includes the Lord's Prayer (and the phrase "pearls before swine," which has since become the title of a delightful comic strip). He talks so much, it's exactly like all the prophets in the Old Testament.
A leper is cured. The centurion's servant is cured. Peter's mother is cured. There are exorcisms by the boatload. Jesus uses the phrase "Son of man." He calms the stormy sea. He cures the paralyzed man. He recruits Matthew, which begins the theme of the religious authorities challenging him that runs through the rest of the gospel. Not coincidentally, after this he cures a blind man and asks him not to talk about it. He realizes, perhaps, that he's doing everything necessary to provoke his bad end, but the time isn't right yet, so now he has to try and prevent word from continuing to spread. Except Jesus became human for a trap. And at least in Matthew he just keeps walking into them. He can't help himself.
The twelve apostles are named in full: Peter, Andrew, James, John, Philip, Bartholomew, Thomas, Matthew, the other James, Thaddeus, Simon, and the notorious Judas Iscariot. At this point none of them has really done anything. Jesus sends them out to do the same stuff he's been doing.
John the Baptist is brought up again. He seems to need reassurance as to who Jesus is.
Jesus becomes increasingly anxious about his ministry. After he flat-out calls himself the Son of God, the religious authorities actively begin looking for ways to dispose of him. He keeps trying to keep a low profile.
Jesus alludes to his impending fate, but this talk increases as the danger increases.
Interestingly, the only other time Mary appears in this gospel she isn't even identified by name but rather in her blood relation to Jesus. And as he's asked his followers to do previously, Jesus distances himself from her.
There are a lot of parables. This reading is also the first time that I seriously considered the idea that he's really talking about himself in them. "Kingdom of heaven" is a way of referring to himself, then, like "Son of man." He's the last royal figure the world will ever truly need, then, which is majestically and then cruelly demonstrated later in the gospel.
But few people really seem to know who he was, in this gospel, before the ministry. "Is not this the carpenter's son?" He himself doesn't even have a reputation! Later, there's even talk that he's dismissed as a glutton and a drunk. Just what was Jesus doing for his first thirty years, anyway?
John the Baptist is executed. Like Jesus later he requires special justification and hand-ringing on the part of the figure who condemns him.
Jesus retreats after learning this news. He then feeds a multitude with a small amount of food for the first time. Then he walks on water.
He's also, however, growing increasingly frustrated. Quite remarkably, from this point on in the gospel, actually, Jesus can be described as quite frustrated indeed. It becomes his defining characteristic. It's also at this point that he shifts the focus of his ministry to the Gentiles (i.e. Not Jews). Previously he was quite insistent that he was coming to speak to Jews only, much like everyone in the Old Testament, and that everything that was old was new again. But in fact he's making that a very literal development.
He feeds a multitude with a small amount of food again.
He keeps invoking Jonah, too, especially the whole "three days" period. I suppose it's pretty obvious.
He makes it clear to his apostles who he is, and then tells them about what awaits him. Then Jesus performs the transfiguration, in which it's really obvious that he's more than human.
He keeps trying to explain himself. The religious authorities begin to test him openly. It's funny, though, and appropriate, that Jesus has a lot of compassion for his apostles, although he shares the Old Testament virtue of favoring humbleness. In the Old Testament, compassion was something often suggested but rarely practiced.
Palm Sunday occurs, the one time Jesus gets to enjoy what it's like to be apparently universally loved. Then he causes a scene in the temple. He's building the case against himself all by himself.
He becomes angry with a fig tree. But really he's becoming more nervous about actually experiencing what he's been headed toward all his life.
As if to emphasis the curious link I've been making, he challenges the religious authorities concerning the legacy of John the Baptist. So they decide to try and make it a Roman issue.
He talks about the end of days. Although, "he" I think doesn't actually refer to Jesus but John the Baptist. I know I'm going against classic theology again here, but the words he speaks at this point don't make any sense. They make much more sense if you suspect the author of this gospel to have also been drawing from the legacy of John the Baptist, remembering his ministry, and having gotten them a little jumbled. It would make sense. In the earliest days of the emerging Christianity, they were trying to figure out what it all meant. That was why they needed the gospel narratives. Matthew is not the earliest one, but it's clearly the one that concerned itself most with the old faith and the transition to the new one Jesus represented. John the Baptist is identified as Elijah here, one of the criteria for the coming of the messiah, which some of Jesus's own apostles think he embodies. All this talk about "within this generation" would certainly have sturdy qualifications if referring not to a second coming but the first appearance, the crucial ministry itself, and thus must necessarily come from the mouth of John the Baptist. Perhaps I will have further insight reading the other gospels.
Jesus is anointed by an anonymous woman, sometimes interpreted to be Mary Magdalene. But this is an action that has the same symbolic weight as the visit of the wise men at the start of this gospel.
Judas betrays him for 30 pieces of silver.
The Last Supper occurs with the classic elements for Catholic mass introduced. Jesus predicts Peter will deny him. He suffers his worst moment of the gospel in the garden of Gethsemane, his supreme moment of doubt. He's brought before the high priest. He's brought before Pilate. Pilate declares himself innocent. After the scourging Jesus receives mock royal treatment. Simon of Cyrene appears to help carry the cross. The two robbers are referenced (but neither has a redemptive moment in this gospel). Jesus is distraught on the cross. After his death, it's a centurion who figures out what just happened.
Those present at the crucifixion are identified as Mary Magdalene, plus a Mary who is described as the mother of James and Joseph (whoever they are), and also the mother of James and John, the apostles frequently referred to as the sons of Zebedee. Joseph of Arimathea asks Pilate for the body of Jesus. Mary Magdalene and "the other Mary" witness the resurrection, are later met by Jesus. The religious authorities, incredibly, still conspire against him, trying to discredit the resurrection. Jesus meets the remaining apostles on a mountain, asks them to spread the faith to all nations. At the end of this gospel, he's still among them.
It begins with the first of two genealogies in the gospels, which is something that both reflects a classic element of the Old Testament as well as prove that Jesus was descended from the house of David, which was one of the many prophesies this gospel seems intent to point out as fulfilled.
It has a nativity sequence, featuring Joseph's doubts, the wise men, the wicked Herod, the flight to Egypt (of course!).
Then a shift to John the Baptist. We'll talk more about him a little later, but given the emphasis Reza Aslan put on him in Zealot, I can't help but see the Baptist in a different light. He's always been prominent in Christian lore, but as Aslan depicts him, he was actually a pretty big deal in his day, to the point where he threatened to eclipse Jesus even after his ministry and crucifixion. It's no wonder, then, that he keeps randomly appearing in this gospel.
He's the first one, by the way, in Matthew, to preach against corrupt religious leaders, a refrain Jesus enthusiastically picks up.
And then Jesus is baptized by him, of course.
Jesus then departs for the wilderness, where he stays for 40 days and is tempted by Satan. As with many elements of the Bible, this reads like an echo of how his ministry will end, so there's suffering at both ends.
His basic message is, "Repent, for the kingdom of heaven is at hand." Although "his," I would argue, and I'll get back to this, isn't Jesus, but John the Baptist.
Jesus recruits Peter, Andrew, James, and John, the core and most famous apostles. He begins his ministry in earnest, curing people and teaching in synagogues. He delivers the Sermon on the Mount, which includes the Lord's Prayer (and the phrase "pearls before swine," which has since become the title of a delightful comic strip). He talks so much, it's exactly like all the prophets in the Old Testament.
A leper is cured. The centurion's servant is cured. Peter's mother is cured. There are exorcisms by the boatload. Jesus uses the phrase "Son of man." He calms the stormy sea. He cures the paralyzed man. He recruits Matthew, which begins the theme of the religious authorities challenging him that runs through the rest of the gospel. Not coincidentally, after this he cures a blind man and asks him not to talk about it. He realizes, perhaps, that he's doing everything necessary to provoke his bad end, but the time isn't right yet, so now he has to try and prevent word from continuing to spread. Except Jesus became human for a trap. And at least in Matthew he just keeps walking into them. He can't help himself.
The twelve apostles are named in full: Peter, Andrew, James, John, Philip, Bartholomew, Thomas, Matthew, the other James, Thaddeus, Simon, and the notorious Judas Iscariot. At this point none of them has really done anything. Jesus sends them out to do the same stuff he's been doing.
John the Baptist is brought up again. He seems to need reassurance as to who Jesus is.
Jesus becomes increasingly anxious about his ministry. After he flat-out calls himself the Son of God, the religious authorities actively begin looking for ways to dispose of him. He keeps trying to keep a low profile.
Jesus alludes to his impending fate, but this talk increases as the danger increases.
Interestingly, the only other time Mary appears in this gospel she isn't even identified by name but rather in her blood relation to Jesus. And as he's asked his followers to do previously, Jesus distances himself from her.
There are a lot of parables. This reading is also the first time that I seriously considered the idea that he's really talking about himself in them. "Kingdom of heaven" is a way of referring to himself, then, like "Son of man." He's the last royal figure the world will ever truly need, then, which is majestically and then cruelly demonstrated later in the gospel.
But few people really seem to know who he was, in this gospel, before the ministry. "Is not this the carpenter's son?" He himself doesn't even have a reputation! Later, there's even talk that he's dismissed as a glutton and a drunk. Just what was Jesus doing for his first thirty years, anyway?
John the Baptist is executed. Like Jesus later he requires special justification and hand-ringing on the part of the figure who condemns him.
Jesus retreats after learning this news. He then feeds a multitude with a small amount of food for the first time. Then he walks on water.
He's also, however, growing increasingly frustrated. Quite remarkably, from this point on in the gospel, actually, Jesus can be described as quite frustrated indeed. It becomes his defining characteristic. It's also at this point that he shifts the focus of his ministry to the Gentiles (i.e. Not Jews). Previously he was quite insistent that he was coming to speak to Jews only, much like everyone in the Old Testament, and that everything that was old was new again. But in fact he's making that a very literal development.
He feeds a multitude with a small amount of food again.
He keeps invoking Jonah, too, especially the whole "three days" period. I suppose it's pretty obvious.
He makes it clear to his apostles who he is, and then tells them about what awaits him. Then Jesus performs the transfiguration, in which it's really obvious that he's more than human.
He keeps trying to explain himself. The religious authorities begin to test him openly. It's funny, though, and appropriate, that Jesus has a lot of compassion for his apostles, although he shares the Old Testament virtue of favoring humbleness. In the Old Testament, compassion was something often suggested but rarely practiced.
Palm Sunday occurs, the one time Jesus gets to enjoy what it's like to be apparently universally loved. Then he causes a scene in the temple. He's building the case against himself all by himself.
He becomes angry with a fig tree. But really he's becoming more nervous about actually experiencing what he's been headed toward all his life.
As if to emphasis the curious link I've been making, he challenges the religious authorities concerning the legacy of John the Baptist. So they decide to try and make it a Roman issue.
He talks about the end of days. Although, "he" I think doesn't actually refer to Jesus but John the Baptist. I know I'm going against classic theology again here, but the words he speaks at this point don't make any sense. They make much more sense if you suspect the author of this gospel to have also been drawing from the legacy of John the Baptist, remembering his ministry, and having gotten them a little jumbled. It would make sense. In the earliest days of the emerging Christianity, they were trying to figure out what it all meant. That was why they needed the gospel narratives. Matthew is not the earliest one, but it's clearly the one that concerned itself most with the old faith and the transition to the new one Jesus represented. John the Baptist is identified as Elijah here, one of the criteria for the coming of the messiah, which some of Jesus's own apostles think he embodies. All this talk about "within this generation" would certainly have sturdy qualifications if referring not to a second coming but the first appearance, the crucial ministry itself, and thus must necessarily come from the mouth of John the Baptist. Perhaps I will have further insight reading the other gospels.
Jesus is anointed by an anonymous woman, sometimes interpreted to be Mary Magdalene. But this is an action that has the same symbolic weight as the visit of the wise men at the start of this gospel.
Judas betrays him for 30 pieces of silver.
The Last Supper occurs with the classic elements for Catholic mass introduced. Jesus predicts Peter will deny him. He suffers his worst moment of the gospel in the garden of Gethsemane, his supreme moment of doubt. He's brought before the high priest. He's brought before Pilate. Pilate declares himself innocent. After the scourging Jesus receives mock royal treatment. Simon of Cyrene appears to help carry the cross. The two robbers are referenced (but neither has a redemptive moment in this gospel). Jesus is distraught on the cross. After his death, it's a centurion who figures out what just happened.
Those present at the crucifixion are identified as Mary Magdalene, plus a Mary who is described as the mother of James and Joseph (whoever they are), and also the mother of James and John, the apostles frequently referred to as the sons of Zebedee. Joseph of Arimathea asks Pilate for the body of Jesus. Mary Magdalene and "the other Mary" witness the resurrection, are later met by Jesus. The religious authorities, incredibly, still conspire against him, trying to discredit the resurrection. Jesus meets the remaining apostles on a mountain, asks them to spread the faith to all nations. At the end of this gospel, he's still among them.
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